Argumentative Paragraph

My favorite scene is when, Farhan is about to leave the country then he receives a call telling that the caller know where Rancho is. Farhan immediately run out of the airport and he calls Raju who is on his bed. They went in there College Campus where the caller was there. In the top of the building they met their college friend and remember their commitment. And they find nothing in there. Friends, Family or Future: which should come first? Family should come first. Real Story Viruddh†¦ Family Comes First Viruddh is one among relatively few Hindi films that is not a musical, instead thesoundtrack is primarily used as background.The movie begins with Amar telling the story of his family and himself. Amar is the son of Vidyadhar and Sumitra Patwardhan, a middle class couple in India. Amar lives and works in London and he sends some of his salary to them. One day Amar returns home with Jenny Mayer, his girlfriend, and announces his intention to get married to her. Initially reluc tant, his parents are pleased and happy for the two. One day, Amar goes out celebrating with his friends, whilst his parents and Jenny organise a surprise party for him.Outside a pub, Amar witnesses a murder and, while trying to apprehend the killer, he gets mortally wounded in the fight. Amar succumbs in the hospital. The assailant is identified as Harshwardhan Kadam, son of a minister Kadam. Soon, the police start covering the case up. Amar is implicated in false charges of drug peddling. Witnesses and close friends of Amar too give false statements. The torture doesn't end there, as police try to implicate Jenny as his accompolice. Vidyadhar decides that it is not good for Jenny to live there, especially since she is expecting Amar's child.Vidyadhar bails her out and implores her to return before she is locked up for good. Harshwardhan goes scot free meanwhile and Vidyadhar decides to seek justice on his own. Ali Asgar, a mechanic and an acquaintance of Patwardhan's, decides to h elp them. Soon, Ali succeeds in procuring a gun for Vidyadhar. Vidyadhar decides to confront Harshwardhan in his own office. Harshwardhan cockily lets him enter in and starts taunting him. Vidyadhar accuses him and Harshwardhan arrongantly confesses his crimes, telling Vidyadhar that he cannot prove a thing.Vidyadhar points the gun at him, upon which Harshwardhan calls his guards. Vidyadhar guns down Harshwardhan and the guards enter in moments later Harshwardhan's dead body collapses down. Harshwardhan's head guard lets Vidyadhar go, claiming that he won't be able to look at his family in the eye if he arrests Vidyadhar. A case stands up against Vidyadhar, where he reveals a pocket tape recorder on which the whole confession of Harshwardhan is recorded. Based on the proof, Amar is exonerated of all false charges levelled up against him. Vidyadhar is also set free.In an interview, Vidyadhar makes it clear that he doesn't intend to sue Kadam since his son has been killed and Vidyadha r knows the pain. In the end, it is shown that Vidyadhar is living a happy life with Sumitra, Jenny, and his grandchild. Amar now explains that his father has always been a hero for him since childhood and he is feeling a little jealous of his daughter who is being treated with same affection with which Vidyadhar treated Amar in his childhood. The movie ends with Amar disappearing in light claiming now he can rest in peace. From: The Hospitalist, June 2009Pediatric HM should embrace development of â€Å"collaborative† care by Mark Shen, MD I recently returned from a seminar where I sang â€Å"Kumbaya† (OK, maybe I hummed) and performed a skit in front of the 250 other participants. Having once been edited out of my own end-of-residency movie, you might think this was Acting 101 for the next Shen’s Anatomy. Rather, this was â€Å"Hospitals and Communities Moving Forward with Patient and Family-Centered Care. † Replete with experiential lessons in positive change, it transformed my vision of the future for patients, families, and our field.Patient- and family-centered care (PFCC) is a movement rooted in the values at the core of our profession. As soon as the hunter-gatherers formed communities, a village healer emerged. Parents could turn to the healer for help when a child developed bronchiolitis. With similar amounts of hand-waving, these healers produced outcomes similar to current bronchiolitis care. But what once was a simple relationship has become fractured through relentless de-evolutionary forces. Progressive specialization has exponentially ncreased the number of healers.The rapid, paternalistic injection of science and technology overwhelms even the most capable of Homo sapiens. The final product can be as cold and sterile as a modern-day operating room. Amidst the labyrinthine tangle of providers, information, and facilities, there is a warm underglow of hope. Unless you’ve been hiding under the concrete foundation of the old part of your hospital, you’ve heard about family-centered rounds (FCR). It’s the new black, or the new steroids, of pediatric HM.And it carries with it the potential to be the bellwether of change. A simplistic view entails moving teaching rounds from the conference room to the bedside. Throw in a multidisciplinary component and you have a theoretical therapeutic milieu from which all manner of positive education and patient outcomes might be measured. But one must ask the question: Can create patient- and family-centeredness The Importance of Family. Families are much more than groups of individuals. They have their own goals and aspirations.They also are places where every child and adult should feel that he or she is special and be encouraged to pursue his or her own dreams; a place where everyone's individuality is permitted to flourish. Although every family has conflicts, all the family members should feel as though they can express themselves openly, share their feelings, and have their opinions listened to with understanding. In fact, conflicts and disagreements are a normal part of family life and are important insofar as they permit people to communicate their differences and ventilate their feelings.The family instructs children and gives guidance about personal values and social behavior. It instills discipline and helps them learn and internalize codes of conduct that will serve them for the rest of their lives. It helps them develop positive interpersonal relationships, and it provides an environment that encourages learning both in the home and at school. It gives children a sense of history and a secure base from which to grow and develop. Yet, as important as these functions are, they do not happen automatically.Every parent knows it takes hard work to keep the family going as an effective, adaptive, and functional unit. Divine law is any law that, according to religious belief, comes directly from the will of God, in contrast to man-made law. Like natural law (which may be seen as a manifestation of divine law) it is independent of the will of man, who cannot change it. However it may be revealed or not, so it may change in human perception in time through new revelation. Divine law is eternal law, meaning that since God is infinite, then his law must also be infinite and eternal.In Thomas Aquinas's Treatise on Law, divine law, as opposed to natural law, comes only from revelation or scripture, hence biblical law, and is necessary for human salvation. According to Aquinas, divine law must not be confused with natural law. Divine law is mainly and mostly natural law, but it can also be positive law. Conclusion Family should value first. It is a precious thing that a man can have. All the things you have are no match for a family, because with family all your tears, heartaches, problems, burdens will disappear with so much in love with your family.You know what, I dreamed once that my family will be happy at the time were nothing. I always say to myself that my family is the one will love me for a million years. What is the essence of having a beautiful house, a million money, a beautiful life without your family?. Think of it. As I grow older, I can imagine my world without my family. They are the one will fade your tears, they are the one will understand you, and they are the only one will love you. Yes, time come you will having your own family, and with that you can say that your already complete with the love of your family.I always observe in television and also in real life that they have the things they wanted. But aren’t happy enough because they know that they are not complete without a child. Their some people with a peaceful life, a not so beautiful house, nothing to eat but see they are happy because they loving each other. That’s what family is, a perfect family. Friends and Future are always their waiting for us. These two can gone, can steal, c an be nothing, but with family it can never be replace, steal and can be yours because its mine.

Blowing the Truth out

Whistle blowing is informing on illegal and unethical practices in the work place is becoming increasingly common as employees speak out about their ethical concerns at work. It can have disastrous consequences for the individual, as well as threatening the survival of the organization that is being complained about. This paper aims to provide a balanced approach to this topic, which has generated much controversy and debate. I would like to first explain what whistle blowing is and detail some the following important moral issues that go along with whistle blowing. I will try to show how this could affect any one by going over a classic case of an Eastern Airlines pilot . As well as considering how an individual can protect him or herself from becoming the victim when trying to blow the whistle. Under what circumstances, if any, is whistle blowing morally justified? Some people have argued that whistle blowing is never justified because employees have absolute obligations of confidentiality and loyalty to the organization for which they work. People who argue this way see no difference between employees who reveal trade secrets by selling information to competitors, and whistle – blowers who disclose activities harmful to others. This position is similar to another held by some business people that the sole obligation of corporate executives is to make a profit for the stockholders. If this were true, corporate executives would have no obligations to the public. However, no matter what one's special obligation, one is never exempt from the general obligations we have to our fellow human beings. One of the most fundamental of these obligations is not to cause harm to others. Corporate executives are no more exempt from this obligation than other people. Corporations in democratic societies are run with the expectations that they will function in ways that are compatible with the public interest. Corporations in democratic societies are also run with the expectations that they will not only obey the law governing their activities, but will not do anything that undermines basic democratic processes, such as bribing public officials. In addition to having the obligation to make money for stockholders, corporate executives have the obligation to see that these obligations are complied within an organization. They also have obligations to the company's employees, for example to maintain a safe working place. It is the failure of corporate executives to fulfill obligations of the types mentioned that create the need for whistle blowing. Just as the special obligations of corporate executives to stockholders cannot override their more fundamental obligations to others, the special obligations of employees to employer cannot override their more fundamental obligations. Such as obligations of confidentiality and loyalty cannot take precedence over the fundamental duty to act in ways that prevent unnecessary harm to others. Agreements to keep something secret have no moral standing unless the secret is itself morally justifiable. For example a no person can have an obligation to keep a secret of a plot to murder someone, because murder is an immoral act. It is for this reason also that employees have a legal obligation to report an employer who has committed or is about to commit a felony. Although there are obvious differences between the situation of employees who work for government agencies and those who work for private firms, if we leave apart the special case in which national security was involved, then the same principles apply to both. The Codes of Ethics of Government Service to which all government employees are expected to conform requires that employees put loyalty to moral principles and the national interest above loyalty to the public parties or the agency for which they work. Neither can one justify participation in an illegal or immoral activity by arguing that one was merely following orders. It has also been argued that whistle blowing is always justified because it is an exercise of the right to free speech. But, the right to free speech is not perfect. An example to shout â€Å"Fire† in a crowded theater because that is likely to cause a panic in which people may be injured. Similarly, one may have a right to speak out on a particular subject, in the sense that there are no contractual agreements which prohibit him/her from doing so, but it may be the case that it would be morally wrong for one to do so because it would harm innocent people, such as one's fellow workers and stockholders who are not responsible for the wrongdoing being disclosed. The fact that one has the right to speak out does not mean that one should do so in every case. But this kind of consideration cannot create an complete prohibition against whistle-blowing because one must weigh the harm to fellow workers and stockholders caused by disclosure against the harm to others caused by allowing the organizational wrong to continue. Further more, the moral principles that you must consider all people's interests equally prohibits giving preference to one's own group. So there most be considered justification for not giving as much weight to the interest of the stockholders investing in corporate firms because they do so with the knowledge that they take on financial risk if management acts illegally or immorally. Same as if the employees of a company know that it is engaged in illegal or immoral activities and do not take action, including whistle blowing, to end the activities, then they must bear some of the guilt for the actions. These in turn cancel the principles that one should refrain from blowing the whistle because speaking out would cause harm to the organization. Unless it can be shown that the harm to the employees and stockholders would be significantly greater than the harm caused by the organizational wrong doing, the obligation to avoid unnecessary harm to the public must come first. This must be true even when there is specific agreements not to speak out. Because ones obligation to the public overrides one's obligation to maintain secrecy. If the arguments which I have just made are valid then the position of whistle blowing is never justified because it involves a violation of loyalty and confidentiality, or that whistle blowing is always right because it is an exercise of the right to free speech and is morally justified. Then the obligation a person has to prevent avoidable harm to others overrides any obligations of confidentiality and loyalty, making it an obligation to blow the whistle on illegal or unethical acts. Now that I have set down some moral ground rules that help determine if your responsible or justified in blowing the whistle on big business, I would like to share with you an example of what happened to a company and a employee of a company that has had the whistle blown on them. In this first case a pilot of eastern whistle comes clean on what he suspects to be serious design problem with the new Lockheed 1011, wide body aircraft. At the time Dan blew the whistle, he was flying regularly scheduled flights for Eastern airlines as well as being involved in flight training and engineering safety, for Eastern airlines. Mr. Gellert was also a graduate of Air Force Safety School, the Army Crash Survival Investigators coarse, and the aerospace Systems Safety, all highly regarded safety courses. The problem, which Mr. Gellert suspected, was of unexplainable crashes in a flight simulator while using the auto pilot system . The L-1011 defect involved the complex interaction between the crew and the autopilot and related instruments, which they relied upon to conduct a safe approach to a runway when landing the aircraft. Mr. Gellert became aware of the problem on a routine flight while using the L-1011. While flying the aircraft with the autopilot engaged and cruising at 10,000 feet with 230 passengers, Gellert dropped his flight plan. As he went to pick it up, his elbow hit the control stick in front of him causing the plane to go in a steep dive something that should not happen. Fortunately, he was able to grab the stick and ease the plane back on course. What had happened was that that while bumping the stick, he had tripped off the autopilot. Instead of holding the plane at 10,000 feet, it had switched from its â€Å"command mode† to â€Å"control steering†. As a result, when the stick moved forward, causing the plane to dive, the autopilot, rather than holding the aircraft on course held it in a dive. There was no warning to the pilot, such as alarms or light and the autopilot's altimeter indicated that the plane was flying at 10,000 feet, a dangerously wrong reading. After this incident Gellert told an Eastern management official what had happened and the official replied â€Å"we'll look into it. But three months later from the time he reported the incident an Eastern airlines flight approaching Miami International Airport crashed. The crew had used the autopilot to land the plane and it had malfunctioned crashing into the everglades. The first step that Mr. Gellert took in blowing the whistle on Eastern airlines and Lockheed was to write a two page evaluation of the auto pilots problems and send them to, Frank Borman, then vice-president of operations; Floyd Hall, chairman of the board , and Samuel Higgenbottom, president of operations. The only response was from Borman that said, it was â€Å"pure folly† that the autopilot caused the accident. He also sent two copies to the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board. ) which agreed with Gellert and asked him to testify against Eastern and Lockheed. Even with his testimony on his experiences with the auto pilot system NTSB found that a defect in the autopilot caused the crash, but attributed the tragedy to â€Å"pilot error† because the crew did not react fast enough. At this point eastern has done nothing to keep Gellert from doing his job . Until he had the same situation happened to him on two separate occasions, which prompted him to write a twelve-page petition to the NTSB as well as to top management. Gellert was immediately demoted to co-pilot. â€Å"Twice a year pilots bid on a base, a position, or a particular aircraft. † The first indication that he was being penalized by the company for his written petitions. At the same time the NTSB began to put pressure on eastern to make alterations to it's aircraft's. The pressure that went along with confronting eastern management forced Gillert to take a three- year leave of absence. And when Gillert decided to return to work, eastern denied him, questioning his ability to fly an aircraft concerned with his mental state. Eastern grounded Gillert indefinitely. A civil suit was filed and won by Gellert . The jury found Eastern guilty and awarded him 1. 5 million in damages, which were never paid, due to appeals. Gellert also filed a grievance to get reinstated as a pilot , which he won but Eastern refused to instate him as a full time pilot . The bottom line is that eastern was making life hard on Gillard because he wanted to do the right thing , he was aware of a problem which he tried to bring to the attention of the executives in charge . He was a dedicated employee and was only concerned about the safety of the people Eastern was flying and in turn Eastern continues to punish him and make his life extremely hard. I believe what has happened in the above summary of the Eastern airline case is that which is common among whistle blowers. Employees that decide to blow the whistle on big business for the greater good of the people are often subject to countless acts of discrimination. Employees are often demoted, pushed aside, put down ,alienated from the industry, and made their lives extremely uncomfortable for the mere fact that they tried to do the right thing. Gellert felt that the autopilot was defective yet management refused to listen, and then when it was to late and an accident occurred management didn't want to know , because they didn't want to except responsibility for not addressing the problem in the first place. If anything Gellert should have been rewarded for trying to prevent a disaster but instead, as is common for many whistle blowers he was punished. Employees who discover apparent wrong-doing have several options, they can turn a blind eye and continue as normal, raise the matter internally and hope for the best, blow the whistle outside while trying to remain anonymous, blow the whistle and take the full force of employer disapproval, resign and remain silent, or resign and blow the whistle. The key is minimizing the risk to you as an employee. As I have shown to blow the whistle requires a great deal of care and patience. Yet sometimes employees do not always make good judgements in the heat of the moment. Allowing himself or herself to be more vulnerable then someone who takes the time to plan and receive advice to do it right. Some simple questions will help to minimize your risk and determine if blowing the whistle is really necessary. First, make sure the situation is one that warrants whistle blowing. Secondly, you should carefully examine your motives. Third, verify and document your information. Fourth, determine the type of wrongdoing involved and to whom it should be reported. Fifth, state your allegations in appropriate ways. Sixth, decide whether the whistle blowing should be internal or external and if it should be open or anonymous. Seventh, make sure you follow proper guidelines in reporting the wrongdoing. And last you should consult a lawyer and anticipate as well as document retaliation. With all this said there is really no sure way to go about making the right choice on weather to blow the whistle or not. Employees that are forced to blow the whistle are often forced to do so because their concerns are not given fair hearings by their employers. This results in damage to both the whistleblower and the organization. Yet if wrong doing with in an organization go undetected, they can result in even in greater damage to the workforce, and the public at large. Whistle blowing is an effective way to regulate business internally and should not be discriminated against. In researching this paper it has come to my attention that whistle blowers may never have it easy. The possibility of causing career suicide should be maintained at the lowest level possible. A good indication of the how genuinely ethical our society is how organizations treats its whistleblowers. I can only hope that we will improve in the next coming century than continue on the course we have set for ourselves in the past. I strongly believe that society owes an immense gratitude to its whistle blowers and that they will soon be praised for coming forward instead of punished.

Examine the links between poverty and literacy in the developing world Essay

Examine the links between poverty and literacy in the developing world - Essay Example From here, we can now try to discuss the link between the two in a deeper fashion. This paper will revolve around the relationship between poverty and literacy. It will discuss on how literacy can be used to reduce the poverty level in the developing world. On the other hand, it will deal with how lack of literacy can lead rise in poverty level in developing world. Abdi and Cleghorn (2005), state that developing countries are known to be the poorest countries in the world. These countries are going through many economic issues. The countries have poor infrastructure, lack of clean water, high mortality rates, poor governance etc. They are known to have the largest number of the illiterate people. Majority of the illiterate people are women. The question is, why do these countries have the largest number of illiterate people? One of the possible answers is that they lack good education sectors that can provide the relevant education systems. Lack of funds is the main reason for the poor education systems. This increases the level of illiteracy. Literacy is one of the tools that can be used for economic, political, cultural and social drives. This means that if this tool is not incorporated well, then the poverty level will rise. It is, therefore, true that literacy can be used to eliminate poverty levels in the developing world. This can only t ake place if people are educated well. Children should be given freedom to learn in order to reduce the illiteracy level in the near future thus, reduced poverty (Abdi &Cleghorn, 2005, p.45). Developing country like India is known to be poor not because of lack of resources but it is due the corruption that takes place in the government. When the government allocates resources for the education sector, these resources are stolen by most of the government officials. These officials are supposed to ensure that the resources reached education sectors but they are lost on the way. The education system becomes

The Role of Human Resource Planning for Organizations Essay

The Role of Human Resource Planning for Organizations - Essay Example How the top management domains within this organization understand the dictum of human resource planning is something that derives sound results. Adequate planning is the need of the hour because it gives the top management a clear cut vision as to what it should expect at the hands of the middle management and the employees that are working under its realms (Idris, 1998). The human resource planning is basically the yardstick that decides the future hiring and firing procedures which are present within the enterprise. One must understand that the human resource planning avenues can easily be understood if proper measures are undertaken with the basic ideology to guarantee that sanity must prevail within the related ranks of organizational growth and development (Dinteman, 2003). Human resource planning will result in better standards in terms of performance measurement. If these standards are properly taken care of, the human resource planning standards will always be deemed as poin ts of success. Since the human resource planning

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom Essay

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom - Essay Example Pirg, 2007)1. Though this can be seen as a positive development by Congress, in favour of public interest, a lot more needs to be done in protecting the public. There is a lot to be desired, but governments around the world face stiff legislative moves by an entity, that seeks to make the most of their interest at the interest of the public- the corporate. On 3 October 2002, the contract of the British Railway with Railtrack came to an end, which initiated the government to establish Network Rail as the new contractor, provided Network Rail guaranteed that it would reinvest the profits into further railway infrastructure development in the pursuit of a safer and more reliable railway system. On closer observation, it is clear that these guarantees raise serious concerns in respect of the accountability of Network Rail; firstly, as its status as a private sector organisation, and secondly, its implications for the Treasury and the tax payer. This view could have been avoided had the Government adopted an alternative approach, commonly referred to as a 'government sponsored enterprise'. This would have given the government more authority in handling such a vital transport system in the country. This was not to be, and the government again goofed up an opportunity to gain increased control of the railway infrastructure at a significantly reduced price. The corporate was successful in twisting the government arm to its benefit (Lisa Whitehouse, 2003)2. Large, transnational corporations (TNC) are becoming increasingly powerful. Additional problems result from a variety of social injustice and human rights violations. This is not to say that corporates are a bane to society, but the muscle power of corporates to dictate and run policies in their favour is most disturbing. Profits are the driving factor, and not workers satisfaction. Corporates work tirelessly to improve their market presence and in the bargain, has no time or inclination to focus on the treatment vetted to their co-workers, or how society and the environment are affected. Sometimes, the role of these multinational giants can be seen in the backdrop of deliberate abdication of social clauses and regulations to maximise their profits. These companies manipulate international trade pacts and agreements, in order to maximise profits, such as cheap labour, government incentives and subsidies, tax rebates and so on (Anup Shah, 2002)3. Tax avoidance adds to the woes of the general public. Suppressing the formation of workers union to fight for their co-workers justice, these corporates run the show to their advantage at all levels. The future for the workers looks

The Horror of a Dystopian Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Horror of a Dystopian Society - Essay Example The category of dystopian films is closely related to that of post-apocalyptic film and dystopian societies often arise in the awake of natural or manmade disasters that have led to the destruction of the societies that came before them. However, dystopian societies can also arise as a natural consequence of the direct historical extension of certain flaws in the current-day society with no intervening catastrophe. Recent films with dystopia inclinations include Gattaca (1997), 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Equilibrium (2002), Minority Report (2002), Banlieue 13(District 13, 2004), Casshern (2004), V for Vendetta (2005), and Children of Men (2006). These more recent dystopian movies have become particularly clear in the way their dystopian features are not predictions so much as satirical commentaries on the present world of consumer capitalism. This paper examines the genre of dystopia with a view to understanding its common traits, ideological valences and historical specificity. Although the term dystopia predated 1900, dystopia became recognized as a literature genre during the twentieth century and has not lost its hold on the society’s imagination, as evidenced by recent films such as The Island, V for Vendetta and Children of Men. Introduction A utopia is an imaginary society that dreams of a world in which the social, political and economic problems of the real present have been solved or at least in which effective mechanisms for the solutions to these problems are in place. A dystopia on the other hand, is an imagined world in which the dream has become a nightmare. It is also known as anti-utopias. Dystopias are often designed to critique the potential negative implications of certain forms of utopian thought. However, dystopia films have a strong satirical dimension that is designed to warn against the possible consequences of certain tendencies in the real world of the present (Thomas and Booker, 2009, pg. 65). After a flurry of utopian fictions at the end of the nineteenth century, dystopian fiction became particularly prominent in the twentieth century, when suspicions of utopian solutions to political and social problems became increasingly strong as those problems grew more and more complicated and as events such as the rise of fascism in Europe seemed to cast doubt on the whole Western enlightenment. While utopian societies are designed to enable the maximum fulfilment of individual human potential, dystopian societies impose oppressive conditions that interfere with that fulfilment. These oppressive conditions are usually extensions or exaggerations of conditions that already exist in the real world, allowing the dystopian film to critique real world situations by placing them within the DE familiarization context of an extreme fictional society. In a dystopian society, the citizenry are forced to think alike, either by the use of drugs, by force or even if necessary mind control. It is synonymous with oppression, corrup tion and limited human rights Dystopian fiction films tend to focus on certain key motifs and ideas that in one way or another involve an opposition between social control and individual desire. In the dystopian society or state, however, social control generally has the upper hand.

The historian's task is to understand the past; the human scientist, Essay

The historian's task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future. To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge - Essay Example This includes various rational, systematic and verification activities used by human scientists for validating the data obtained through objective specific and subjective phenomena. As human science not only remains confined towards the study of humanities and social sciences but also covers the areas of sociology, history, economics and anthropology, it often overlaps the dimensions of historians. Hence, the area of knowledge of human scientists cannot be firmly polarized from that of learning the past like in the case of historians. On the other hand, the Historian’s task can be quite delicate, which includes understanding the implications of various analytical categories for filling up the historical gaps and framing a proper picture of the past. This way, the area of knowledge relevant to historians tends to be polarized from that of the human scientists who learn the past in pursuit to make the future better. The role of historians, since decades, has been focused to provide conceptualized and factual descriptions about various events and circumstances that had occurred in the past and develop an understanding of the same in order to unveil the past origins of the human society. The area of knowledge relevant to historians can be considered significant to a large extent. They play an important role in reconstructing complex stories from scattered historical sources. Human curiosity about their origin and evolution has always strongly motivated the historians in their efforts of understanding past events that had transformed human civilization or embarks on a secretive paradigm of ancient human society. Historians examine the past in a very broad perspective and facilitate the readers in adding up the historical events as well as actions, triggering their thoughts, motives, and adventurous states of mind (Barton, 2009). They study and extract data from old artifacts, recorded writings, past stories and

Conflict Resolution. Compare conflict resolution techniques in two Term Paper

Conflict Resolution. Compare conflict resolution techniques in two different cultures, such as American and Mexican - Term Paper Example The USA belongs to so-called individualistic culture. Besides, this is a country with a low level of power-distance and fear of uncertainty. The Americans use to resolve the conflicts by means of such methods as competition. The Mexican culture is a collectivist culture with high level of power-distance and fear of uncertainty. The representatives are prone to resolve the conflicts by means of cooperation and compromise to resolve the conflict. The conflict, according to K. Thomas - is "a process that arises when one party assumes that the other party is going to impede or interfere with the intentions of the first side" (cited in Lorenzen 2006). K. Thomas identified five styles of behavior in conflict resolution. The modern view is that even the organizations with efficient management have some conflicts; moreover, the conflicts are not only possible, but also desirable. Of course, the conflict does not always produce positive effects. In some cases it can interfere with the needs o f the individual and the goals of the organization as a whole (Augsburger 1992). Some conflict can be functional and lead to increased organizational effectiveness. Or it can be dysfunctional, and then it leads to a decrease in personal satisfaction, group cooperation and effectiveness of the organization. ... Cooperation – â€Å"let's solve this problem together† – an active style, strives to cooperate with other party. In this situation, both parties are committed to achieving their goals. Such manner of behavior characterized by the desire to solve the problem, find out the differences, exchange ideas and information. Such a strategy is often called the approach â€Å"win – win†. Avoidance of conflict – â€Å"leave me alone† is a passive style of conflict solution, which does not seek to any cooperation. One side can acknowledge that a conflict exists, but chooses the manner of behavior, characterized by the desire to avoid conflict or stifle it. Such party delays the conflict solution, using a variety of half-measures in order to dampen the conflict, or covert action to avoid a confrontation. Compliance – â€Å"only after you†- is a passive style, seeking to cooperation. In some cases, one party may try to placate the other and put their interests above their own ones. The given strategy implies the desire to soothe the other party; it involves compliance, obedience and suppleness. Compromise – â€Å"let's meet each other’s interests†- the average position by two parameters: activity - passivity, a willingness to cooperate - its absence. When both sides make concessions, partly by refusing their claims, a compromise is reached. Nobody wins and nobody loses. Such solution involves the search for options and ways to mutually beneficial agreements. Like any other aspect of organizational behavior, style of conflict resolution is subject to significant influence of national cultures. â€Å"To create conditions for cooperation, the leaders of the international level should study

Legalized marijuana in medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalized marijuana in medicine - Research Paper Example The history and role of marijuana in our society, cultivation, medical benefits and its eventual prohibition by the federal government has been a subject of controversy, mystery and propaganda. Despite being legal for medical use in 13 states the federal government still classifies marijuana as a Schedule I Controlled Substance under the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. By their own definition a Schedule I substance is classified as; being highly addictive in nature, possesses no medical accepted medical use, and there is a lack of accepted safety for medical use of the drug or substance even under medical supervision, yet research has proven that none of this assumptions are true. As a matter of fact despite the mounting body of scientific and anecdotal evidence suggesting the medical and therapeutic benefits of medical cannabis the federal government refuses to recognize the medicinal value of cannabis. Regardless of the fact that cannabis has been proven to be safer and more effecti ve than a variety of drugs the federal government continues to maintain its unreasonable stance on marijuana prohibition. The financial personal and social costs of prohibition have been great for the public in general that are unfortunate enough to get arrested in a marijuana related incident. Furthermore the goals of prohibition have not being achieved since prohibition has created a black that market increases crime rate drugs availability. As matter of fact it is easier for a minor to buy marihuana than legal drugs such as tobacco or alcohol since distribution is not regulated like for alcohol and tobacco and which directly has caused marihuana to be easier to obtain for has not fallen and has been utterly ineffective at reducing crime rates or hard drug use. The real reasons for marijuana prohibition have nothing to do with the inherent safety of the drug itself, but are directly influenced by the economic impact that

Social protections in Europe are too generous. Discuss Essay - 1

Social protections in Europe are too generous. Discuss - Essay Example ed in a context characterized by high economic growth, low employment, strong national states, and limited international competition faced by domestic firms. These social protection systems also generated high levels of expenditure, which weighed heavily on public budgets. High levels of public expenditures on social protection had their roots in decisions made to create and extend public programmes in the field of education, health, old age and other areas. Basically overall level of social expenditures in motivating reforms is the way in which these expenditures are distributed among the population (Lynch, 2001). The forces of globalization and technological progress also affect social protection. While both of these factors have improved economic efficiency and living standards, they have also increased cost- competitions among firms, and generated pressures to reduce the cost of social protection. The various national systems of social protection are deeply rooted in the member s tates of the European union. Social convergence with the EU has since long been an important goal. In accordance with the European council Decision establishing the social protection committee, it acts as a forum for exchange regarding policy developments in respect of achievement of four objectives endorsed by the council to enhance policy cooperation in the area of social protection, namely: to make work pay and provide secure income; to make pension safe and pension systems sustainable; to promote social inclusion; to ensure high quality and sustainable health care. Series of mandates have been handed down by the European Council Progress has not been achieved at the same rate across the different policy branches. Progress has been strongest in the domain of social inclusion with the submission of national action plans by the member states in June 2001. A similar stage should have been reached in respect of national pension strategy reports in which the social protection committe e

Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability Essay Example for Free

Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability Essay Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability representativeness, it more than makes up for in terms of validity. Participant Observation is where the researcher infiltrates themselves into a certain group or gang to study them from within. The researcher usually puts themselves in a position where they are in the main part of the group, and they usually study the activities and attitudes of the different gang/group members. The observation is usually carefully thought through, it is usually recorded in field notes, and can often take months, even years to complete. Participant Observation usually doesnt start with a definite hypothesis, so new ideas and thoughts about the group or the way that an idea may turn out usually come through when the observer is part of the group. You can either do overt (people know you are doing it) or covert (undercover) observations, or even a combination of both. Although this may seem like a very kosher method to use, there are quite a few disadvantages of doing this; Bias is a concern because if the observer starts being drawn into the group, their own views will be abandoned because they may start seeing things through the groups eyes, and may blind the researcher to other views that may be available. The influence of the researcher may also be a problem, because if a group know that they are being studied, they may alter their behaviour, and so the research is pointless. For example, with James Patricks study of a Glaswegian Gang, he was suspected of holding back in fights and being reluctant to participate in some of the activities of the Gang, and this was pointed out by a member of the gang, but thankfully, the leader of the Gang stood up for Patrick, because he was the only one who actually knew that the gang was being studied. Ethical Issues are also a problem, because if the researcher goes in really deep with the group, then they may have to illegal or immoral activities, which may go against the researchers own values. The actual proof of the study is also a problem because you have no way of replicating the exact study, and so have no way of knowing if the research is true or not. This kind of study is also on too small a scale, and so you cannot repeat it again. Also, due to the micro-ness of it, you cannot make generalisations for the whole population based on one group, or if you were studying gangs and their motives for committing crimes or something like that, you cant assume that all other gangs will have the same motives. And finally, most researchers like to study the less powerful groups in society, and there has been a debate over whether this is right or not because we can possibly miss the important issues that are going on. However, there are some advantages to using this method, and so we cannot just assume that all sociologists see this as a bad method to use; By joining a certain group, the sociologist would be able to gain knowledge of certain subjects from that groups point of view, and they would be able to fully understand the sorts of things that were going on, and gaining different perspectives. Also, you can generate new ideas from being in a new group, and this can lead you to new perspectives and ideas. You also get more of the truth and honesty if you are doing overt participant observation, so you can quite easily prove or disprove any hypotheses you have come up with. You are also to dig deeper into the group so to speak, because if you are a part of the group, then you can uncover issues that may normally remain hidden or are secretive. Participant observation is also dynamic because if you are with a group over time, you understand how they work and how attitudes and behaviour change over time. Lastly, you can dig deeper into areas that you arent typically able to reach, for example, with young offenders or religious groups. It is, however, simplistic to assume that participant observation will automatically produce valid results, as there are many threats to this validity.

How the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives

How the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives To discuss the strategic marketing in particulars first i would like to discuss the definition of strategic marketing so any marketing strategy which makes the company or organisation future scenario brighter or stronger is known as the strategic marketing. http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-marketing The example of the organisation whose marketing strategy i would like to discuss here is Sainsbury and we would see and discuss its strategic marketing policies from different perspectives and angles and try to discuss all different tools and techniques Sainsbury uses to make its marketing strategy so before starting our work here is the little introduction of Sainsbury as an organisation. John Sainsbury created the corporation approximately 140 years ago. Sainsbury objective has always been to give their clients with healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. In fact, Sainsbury aim is to be the most excellent for food and health and in 2006 they were ranked top for health by the National Consumer Council. This tribute was achieved not least because of their trade-leading manifold traffic light dietary labelling system, which they have rolled out to approximately 4,000 produce. It was also a consequence of the hard work they have made to get rid of hydrogenated vegetable oils, taste enhancers, fake colours, aspartame and saccharin from their foodstuff, to thrash government targets on salt decrease and connect clients in open, honest dispute about the barriers to well eating. But being ranked the best for foodstuff and healthiness will mean nothing unless they struggle to keep that position. This year they will be operational even harder to encourage their clients and social group to live vigorous lifestyles and to continue to make the commodities they sell as fresh, healthy and reasonable as they can. http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2007/index.asp?pageid=86 LO1. how the marketing plan of Sainsbury supports strategic objectives To discuss this further first we will have to see what are the strategic objectives of Sainsbury .Sainsbury has five core objectives which are as follows. Great food at great prices To make on and stretch the guide in food. By contribution of customers passion for healthy, safe, fresh and delicious food, Sainsburys will carry on to bring new and provide path in delivering excellent products at lighprices, sourced with dependability. increasing the growth of complementary non-food ranges and service To go on to accelerate the growth of non-food ranges and services following the ethics of quality and value and to give a broader shopping knowledge for customers. Reaching more consumers through extra channels To enlarge the reach of Sainsburys brand by opening new expediency stores and developing the online operations. Growing supermarket space To enlarge the Companys store estate, aggressively seeking and initialising a pipeline of fresh stores and extending the mainly under-developed store collection to provide an even better food offer while also rising space for non-food ranges. Active property management The ownership of possessed assets gives operational litheness and the utilization of potential growth opportunities will maximise value. http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar10/businessreview/corporateobjectives.shtml Now after analysing these major objectives of Sainsbury we can see how the dissimilar the marketing plan of Sainsbury impact on these objectives. The strategy of the Sainsbury impacts on the marketing plan before discussing this topic we will have to observe what is the dissimilarity between marketing strategy and marketing plan . marketing strategy is a outline of your companys products and position in relation to the rivalry; your sales and marketing tactics are the exact actions youre going to undertake to achieve the goals of your marketing strategy. So in effect, you cant have a marketing plan exclusive of a marketing strategy. But a marketing plan without a marketing strategy is a misuse of time. The marketing strategy gives the goals for your marketing plans. It informs you where you should go from here. The marketing plan is the exact roadmap thats going to get you there. http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/marketing/a/marketingplan.htm TV is an significant part of our medium mix delivering both sales returns and creative flexibilty with a mixture of spot advertising and sponsorship. Anna Shirley, National Advertising Manager, Sainsbury Sainsbury requirements to reach all customers with its Try Something New Today campaign TV is used to emphasize the brands exceptional range of new food ideas split of the grocery marketplace increases year on year The impacts Sainsburys advertising strategy is designed to get people off the shopping treadmill and into more courageous eating. beneath the strap line Try Something New Today inaugurated in September 2005 the store and representative Jamie Oliver aim to revive the nations kitchens with more interesting meals. The confront is the make sure this message delivers out from rivals persistent focus on every day low prices. Sainsburys wants to communicate that not only can it supply great excellence at good prices but also that its the only store giving such a wide variety of useful ideas. As a main supermarket it also has to express this message to the as broad group of people as possible. The plan is to reach all possible Sainsburys customers and not just the well off. http://www.thinkbox.tv/server/show/ConCaseStudy.763 the component parts in marketing plan of Sainsbury à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ huge food at fair prices: To construct on and make bigger the lead in food. By input customers · passion for healthy, safe, fresh and delicious food, Sainsbury ·s will carry on to innovate and provide guidance in delivering quality products at reasonable prices, sourced with honesty. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ accelerating the enlargement of balancing non-food range and services: To continue to go faster the growth of non-food ranges and services next the principles of excellence and value and to give a broader shopping experience for clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ getting more consumers through additional channels: To expand the reach of Sainsburys brand by opening new expediency stores and just beginning the online home delivery business. in spite of current financial conditions these principles remain important for consumers who give Sainsburys most credit among the four main supermarkets for addressing the issues of most worrying to them. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() 1.3Issues of risk within a marketing plan of Sainsbury Sainsburys pattern for risk evaluation is reviewed at regular intervals as is a suppliers status and this may vary as the corporation learns more about the site or as standard develop. Sainsburys policy is to intend for constant development of sites by establishing suitable improvement tactics with sensible timescales. The risk evaluation process joint with the assessment of risk significance for countries enables Sainsburys to prioritise its monitoring plan. The pecking order for monitoring is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self assessments by suppliers (low risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visits by Quality Managers/Quality Assurance Managers (medium and high risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ outside audits (medium and high risk) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢various-stakeholder monitoring (through ETI pilots) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working with business to undertake industry wide issues e.g. commodities such as cocoa and coffee High and medium risk suppliers overall current status: Sainsburys has 262 elevated and medium risk straight suppliers. Of these, 155 have received an outside audit during the last two years. Some 15 sites are still to receive an audit and Sainsburys plans to fund and complete these over the next few months. The balance of 87 was audited in2001.These suppliers are calculated high or medium risks because they source from high or medium risk countries. Those suppliers who have not before done so will concentrate three supplier workshops in 2010. These will highlight Sainsburys expectations that suppliers bring in monitoring further along the supply chain and focus on action plans going forward. Monitoring in 2010- summary: Audits have been approved out in 40 countries. More cooperation have been identified in 2006 than in 2007 due to a change in reporting style. In 2004, if auditors had picked up three issues on one audit it was only raised as one nonconformity. This year Sainsburys has reported them individually. It was decided in the strategy check at the end of 2001 that all suppliers would complete a self appraisal form, which would be held on site. The level of fulfilment to this policy is being assessed as part of an overall supplier fulfilment procedure audit looking at due thoroughness within the supply chain. In summary: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 468 self-assessments by suppliers to date à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 163 visits by Quality Managers/Quality Assurance Managers http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/er_2002_eti.pdf 2. 1 levels of importance of each component to Identify the the plan You cant do a marketing plan exclusive of getting many people concerned. No issue what your size, get advice from all parts of your corporation: finance, manufacturing, workers, supply and so onin adding to marketing itself. This is particularly important because it will catch all aspects of your corporation to create your marketing plan work. Your key people can give sensible input on whats attainable and how your goals can be reached, and they can split any insights they have on any prospective, as-yet-unrealized marketing opportunities, adding another aspect to your plan. If youre fundamentally a one-person management operation, youll have to show off all your hats at one timebut at least meetings will be short! Whats the association involving your marketing plan and your business plan or vision statement? Your business plan spells out what your company is aboutwhat you do and dont do, and what your final goals are. It encompasses further than marketing; it can include talks of locations, recruitment, financing, strategic alliances and so on. It includes the vision thing, the booming words that spell out the magnificent purpose of your company in stirring language. Your business plan is the U.S. Constitution of your business: If you want to do something thats exterior the business plan, you need to also change your mind or modify the plan. Your companys business plan gives the surroundings in which your marketing plan must grow. The two documents must be reliable. http://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/marketingbasics/marketingplan/article43018.html 2.2 mitigation strategies for high risk components of the plan Ever-changing patterns in client insist, globalization, multi-channel sharing, outsourced built-up, increased competition, security pressure, economic instability, and a growing focus on sustainability all add to the difficulty of supply chains. The slump especially has highlighted the call for to build a risk-proof supply chain thats more able of dealing with market fluctuations, cost instability and local political instability. Climate modify poses another layer of risk to the supply chain, as more harsh and regular climate patterns threaten physical assets, such as industrialized plants, as well as food supplies and access to safe, steady sources of energy. British grocery leader Sainsburys warns that the short-term and long-term turbulences to its supply chain from weather change could considerably increase the functioning costs for suppliers, which would, in turn, brunt its business. Variable product prices around natural resources such as oil and food products and fuel prices also have a crash on the business. Sainsbury of late won the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply Awards 2009 for its work on a zero food waste to landfill project, which will use anaerobic absorption technology to turn all of its food waste into electricity by 2012, rather than burying it in the ground. This will also save the corporation money, as the government is brusquely increasing landfill taxes year-on-year to dishearten profligate practices. Sainsburys CEO Justin King said working with suppliers to decrease the supermarkets own carbon and energy bill is absolutely essential. http://www.supplychaindigital.com/taking-command-supply-chain 2.3 marketing plan of Sainsbury So Sainsburys is next to Tesco into the world of buy one, get another later deals. Sainsburys is starting the marketing promotion Buy Now, Free Next Time. customers will get a coupon at the till point offer them the chance to claim a second product during their next shop, rather than choose it out instantly as in present buy one, get one free offers. The system will first open as a test in 470 Sainsburys stores to see if it attracts customers using just two goods white baguette sticks and Pampers brand nappies. clients will have two weeks to convert the vouchers and only four items implicated in the scheme can be used per deal., it has yet to open its version in stores, giving Sainsburys the obvious advantage in innovating how it executes its marketing promotions. (http://brandstrategy.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/sainsburys-joins-tesco-in-buy-one-get-one-later-deals/) 3.1 the plan of Sainsbury to support strategic objectives Start with a careful scrutiny and clear indulgent of the strategy and objectives of your business. What is the corporate growth strategy? This wide understanding is important for at most for three reasons. First, marketing knowledge is required to employ theoretical corporate strategy. Second, important marketing decisions such as which market niches to tackle, manufactured goods distribution channels, and direct marketing plans run directly from business strategy. And third, top management thinking and state of mind should provide the base for initialising the strategic marketing plan. Begin by recognising your strategic business unit (SBU). This might be an whole company, a dissection, a product line, or a single product, as long as that unit is a split body for planning purposes (i.e., has its own management, admittance to resources, competitors, positioning plan, and customers). An SBU must be great enough to be a significant unit for strategy formulation and assessment, yet small enough for efficient preparation and marketing management. There are four important elements to strategic planning at the SBU level: recognition of the business position Analysis choice of strategies organization of controls What business are you in? In promotion Myopia, his classic 1976 article published in Harvard Business Review, Theodore Levitt pointed out that many organisations have gotten themselves in deep problem because they unsuccessful to understand just precisely what business they were in. After knowing the nature of your business, move to a Situation Analysis, which might also be referred to as a marketing audit. You should do such reviews regularly to confine a picture of your current status. Your situation, of course, includes both external and internal components. External check Financial-demographic variables. Financial forces are always significant; for example, an growing economy has basically different implication than one that is in economizing. You must also realize demographic factors, and particularly demographic shifts. Technological variables, which now change at fast speed. New procedures, new goods, and new markets for formerly unimagined goods are the norm. certainly, the stipulate for new products/service can vigour you into obsolescence if you dont keep up. You simply cant pay for to ignore this aspect. Political-legal variables, counting regulatory and tax issues, reporting needs, and the innumerable other issues that crash your business. The comparative impact depends on your sector, as management policies that are good for one sector can do important damage to another sector. Sociocultural variables, the slight market and psychosomatic forces that change demand patterns and market dynamics. Internal check. Then turn to a full review of internal processes, as well as information systems, product position, competition, delivery channels, market development, sales reimbursement, marketing costs, and expense budgets. This picture gives you an objective stage from which to jump into the meat of the strategic planning development. http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/columns/market4.htm 3.2 An approach of Sainsbury to gain agreement for the marketing plan Sainsburys also developed a strong private-label program. By the mid-1990s, its own-label products brought 68 percent of total sales. Four of the companys other products in particular made headlines in the early 1995s. Novon, a laundry detergent introduced in 1992, brought Sainsburys move into head-to-head competition with national brands. Within just six weeks of Novonas introdion the companys share of the detergents market doubled to 23 percent. In 1995, Sainsburys changed the formulation and packaging of its own cola beverage, reininventing it as Classic Cola. The budget-priced cola featured red cans with italicized letters and a stripe; ads promoted the drinks Original American Taste. Within just a few weeks, Classic Cola won 14 percent of Britains total cola market, while sales of both Coca-Cola and Pepsi at Sainsbury stores plummeted. Not surprisingly, an incensed Coca-Cola demanded that Sainsburys modify its packaging, claiming that the brands resembalance stopped customers fr om discerning between them. The supermarket chain acquiesced, but significantly decreased the rival brands share of shelf space in stores. In a new effort at novelty, Sainsburys launched Sainsburys Bank ing February 1997, becoming the first supermarket organisation to open a fully licensed retail bank. A joint undertaking 56 percent owned by Sainsbury and 44percent by Bank of Scotland, Sainsburys Bank originally offered telephone banking services in Sainsbury supermarkets, including two credit cards and two savings accounts. By early 1997 the new bank had 710,000 customer accounts with  £1.6billion on deposit and had begun contributing personal loans and mortgages. A entire host of additional economic services were introduced over the new little years. Sainsburys Bank was lucrative for the first time in fiscal 2000. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/J-Sainsbury-plc.html 3.3 evaluation and review measure for the agreed plan of Sainsbury Sainsburys are abounding with continuous market research data from recognized sources such as Mintel and Nielsen and also from related suppliers who may have commissioned research. customer research can be:   qualitative (e.g. group discussions, taste panels)   Quantitative (e.g. large scale shopper surveys). But developers also need to be aware of: marketplace trends These can also be monitored through presence food related exhibitions, spirited shopping and visiting countries overseas. Food   health styles and   lifestyle trends The team will look at expediency food use, particular person household data and any issue that could influence product growth. These come from Government information or client suggestions, e.g. Our Healthier Nation. Report and request for lower fat choices led to the expansion of the Sainsburys Be Good to Yourself variety. Sainsburys possess knowledge management systems give NPD teams admission to the latest best practice, allow them to share ideas via an ideas bank and find out from previous teams experiences in developing other products. Ideas may initiate from many sources, e.g. Sainsburys idea developers, suppliers and customers. Develop concept samples to own Brand Strategy 1.   Preparing product idea brief PLAN: The project squad explores the different product alternative available with select supplier(s). Sainsburys must propose a supplier to produce the product this decision is base on a number of aspects such as the quality of product samples and costs submitted, as well as their past performance on present lines produced. No producer can supply Sainsburys unless they have been visited, assessed and accepted. This ensures that the product will be manufactured to Sainsburys severe safety and quality standards. A product idea concise is also produced at this stage. A product conception brief is an first outline of the product and considers aspects such as the plan of the packaging, the pack size, important product attributes (e.g. % chicken) and any on-pack claims (e.g. low fat). Samples are often ready in the kitchen at this stage for an early sensory assessment these are known as kitchen samples. 2. idea Vs the Brief ACTION: Working with one or more suppliers, samples are shaped. At the same time, product safety is examined and prices are broken down for investigation. The safety of a product must be examined at the initial possible stage in the development procedure no product can be initiated without Product Safety endorsement. This assessment is called Hazard investigation and Risk evaluation. HACCP is a key part of this procedure. Suppliers are asked to give a flow chart of the process from the sourcing and receiving of ingredients and covering right through the manufacture, packing, storage and supply of the product. At each point in the process a team of Sainsburys expert spot potential food safety hazards and make a decision to controls and checks that must be put in place to guarantee the safety of the finished product. 3.   justification of Samples CONFIRM: The manufactured goods are trailed and tested. This step will also include sensory assessment. Samples of the product are continuously tested and examined throughout the growth process. A Quality feature Sheet sets out criteria for the look, smell, taste and texture of a product. The product is described in feature, listing precisely how a perfect product should do These criterion are obvious on a scale from 1 to 3. 1=reject and 3=meets quality. Sensory assessment may be carried out by the supplier as well as Sainsburys in its Food Centre. The centre has a range of amenities which are used to perform sensory valuation. The sensory booths are used to record the responses from tasters via a contestant. The program can record their preferences (i.e. likes and dislikes) for a variety of products, or evidence descriptions. http://www.activekidsgetcooking.org.uk/activekidsgetcooking/Secondary+Awards/Pupil+Information/The+five+gate+model+for+NPD.htm Conclusion In this report i have tried to discuss briefly the strategic plan and marketing plan of tesco and also tried to explain different between the two phenomenas and we learned that how much its important for an organisation to make its marketing plan which actually determines the future of the company. REFRENCES http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-marketing http://www.activekidsgetcooking.org.uk/activekidsgetcooking/Secondary+Awards/Pupil+Information/The+five+gate+model+for+NPD.htm http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/88/J-Sainsbury-plc.html http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/columns/market4.htm http://brandstrategy.wordpress.com/2009/11/17/sainsburys-joins-tesco-in-buy-one-get-one-later-deals/ http://www.supplychaindigital.com/taking-command-supply-chain http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/er_2002_eti.pdf (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() http://www.thinkbox.tv/server/show/ConCaseStudy.763 http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar10/businessreview/corporateobjectives.shtml http://www.entrepreneur.com/marketing/marketingbasics/marketingplan/article43018.html http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2007/index.asp?pageid=86

Importance of the School Curriculum

Importance of the School Curriculum The structure and development of curriculum involves many features, including how it is organised, the goals to be achieved in education, processes of teaching, learning and assessment, and finally how it the curriculum will cater for the future learners. We will discover how the curriculum framework is broken into these categories to form the structure and development. Department of Education and Training (2008) Queensland curriculum standard requirements state All schools are required to develop and maintain up-to-date curriculum plans in consultation with the school community. This planning ensures that assessment, teaching and reporting match the intended curriculum. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Curriculum planning is divided into three levels in schools, whole-school curriculum, plan the sequence of learning across all year levels, plan each year level, term and unit. The curriculum process is to educate learners, develop skills and knowledge so they will be able to contribute within society. To define curriculum in terms of a document which includes details about goals or objectives, content, teaching techniques, evaluation and assessment is the key values that represent educating. The Department of Education and training of Queensland (2008) states the curriculum is all the planned learning that is offered and enacted by a school. The framework of Queensland curriculum includes a learning environment, resources, teaching approaches and strategies, assessment and programs methods, values relationships, and behaviours between peers and teachers. All these elements are linked and provide the experiences that contribute to learners learning. A good curriculum has each of these elements aligned so that intended learning is what is assessed and what students achieve. (Department of Education and Training, 2008).Therefore, this document attempts to widen the focus on defining a specific view on what a learner can accomplish under the guidance of school learning. Curriculum is organised through scope and sequencing. Scope refers to the level and the arrangement of the curriculum elements that occur across subjects, while, sequence refers to the breaking the content and learning experiences into manageable steps to facilitate learning over a period of time. Example of scope and sequence used in schools is the grammar scope and sequence which each year level will cover a selected element of grammar. Year two (2) teachers teach learning elements of nouns, by identifying naming words, word building with nouns, and year six (6) will use the elements of complex possessive nouns, introduce abstract and common nouns. The scope considers the processes or skills that occur in subjects. Scoping is structured how subjects are taught through activities or integrating units. Scope and Sequence provides information for teachers about the literacy genres, numeracy opportunities and demands, and possibilities for using ICT in the learning program for each of the Key Learning Areas in each year. By using the scope and sequence organisation it allows teachers to focus primarily on the intended curriculum, providing support for teachers on what to teach, how to teach it and how to assess it. Therefore, allowing teachers to make the most of learning in their class. The sequences for each Key Learning Area outline nine years of schooling. In particular, the learning descriptions outlining what is essential for students to know, understand and be able to do by the end of Years 3, 5, 7, and 9 are critical for future learning and progress..(Department of Education and Training, 2008) Within each of the eight Key learning Areas: English, Health and Physical Education, Languages other than English (LOTE), Mathematics, Science, Studies of Society and Environment, Tech nology and The Arts there is a sequence, statements describing what essential learning is to be addressed within the Queensland Curriculum. Using the scope and sequence learning describe what the learner does as a result of the learning opportunities and environment therefore provides a result ,or outcome of the learning process: The structure of the Queensland curriculum relates to several models of curriculum, the process-based model involving sequential phases of curriculum design and development relates to Tylers model of curriculum, which includes objectives followed by content or learning experiences, then using a method or organising learning experiences such as scope and sequencing, and finally evaluation or assessment. But, the Queensland framework of curriculum also relates to Skilbecks model because A curriculum that maximises the learning of all students is one that recognises and celebrates diversity and engages all students in intellectually challenging learning experiences. It provides students with clear guidelines on what they are learning and how they will be assessed. It involves a range of teaching strategies to meet different learning needs and explicit teaching to scaffold students learning so that they develop and consolidate the required knowledge and skills to meet the anticipated fut ure demands of work and citizenship. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Skilbecks Situation model examines the main context and needs that continues throughout the process of development and implementation of programs weekly or daily teaching. The consideration of these factors steps in the curriculum process of situation analysis, goal formulation. program building, interpretation and implementation and feedback, assessment reconstruction. Skilbecks model, fully considers the situation or context of the curriculum having external factors and internal factors. The external factors include Cultural and social changes expectations and changes Relationships between adults and children, community assumptions and values Educational system requirements e.g. policy statements, assessment procedures Changing nature of subject matter Support systems Expected flow of resources Internal Factors Students student: aptitudes, abilities and educational needs Teachers values, attitudes, skills, knowledge, experience, special strengths and weaknesses, roles School ethos and structures and decision-making structure, power sharing Resources Problems and shortcomings in the existing curriculum School community The purpose or goal of education is to promote teaching and learning structure within a classroom and or school environment, is to make the most of a learners learning and support learners to achieve their full potential. That learning experiences connect with existing knowledge and skills, students educational learning encourage a deeper understanding and that learners can connect purposeful. The principles found in the Framework policy states Quality curriculum maximizes each students educational potential All teaching and learning should be founded in the belief that, with good teaching, the right support and sufficient time, every student can develop knowledge, skills and understanding to achieve at higher levels. Teachers need to believe in their students as learners, have high expectations, and see themselves as responsible for improving the learning achievement of their students. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) The development of the curriculum involves a curriculum for all learning aspects of the essential ways of working and knowledge ensuring that learners are engaged with learning and develop their knowledge and understanding. This includes promoting excellence through a curriculum that supports all students to develop a deep understanding of important subject matter and the intellectual tools and strategies to think for themselves and to manage their own learning (Department of Education and Training, 2008). Curriculum engages learners with strategies to develop sound understanding. Teachers applying these learning activities will guide learners, to work towards building on their knowledge, by applying, explaining, interpreting, and processing. Ensuring that a learner will achieve and participate within their learning is an intended part of the curriculum. Teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. .Therefore, learners are engaging with support and scaffolding between each other to gain further understanding, ensuring that the cirrculum provides students the key tools and strategies to think for themselves and learn how to manage their learning. The quality assessment of student learning is an continuing course of action of collecting relevant data to determine what a learners knows, understands and reflect on area of the curriculum that need support. The principles of assessment require assessment be applicable, and should provide reliable information on the learners achievements. Students should know what they have to learn and what the criteria or standard will be set for assessment tasks. Learners demonstrating their high order of thinking, they can apply their new skill to other contents. By providing feedback, it will provide learners to reflect on their learning and identify different steps to improve. Assessment is to reflect on the understanding of their learning. Achievement of the intended curriculum including the quality or standard of achievement, assessment practices should also play an educative role for students, enabling them to reflect on their learning -particularly misconceptions and gaps in their knowledge and take some responsibility for their own ongoing learning. (Department of Education and Training, 2008). This new generation has totally different learning styles these needs should be considered in classroom teaching; technology plays an integral part within todays society. Learners are engaging learning to accommodate with new technologies. The curriculum should reflect and build on the digital literacys that students already have. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Therefore, in conclusion, schools curriculums make the vital contribution to the students future, wellbeing, prosperity, and social society skills. The curriculum needs to work towards developing capabilities, as well as achieving outcome goals in the gaining of specific knowledge. The curriculum must go beyond just schooling foundation of education; these skills are further required in the workplace, community and recreational surroundings. The curriculum is one way to ground the concept of life-long learning in a knowledge society. Quality teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. . References Brady L : Kenndy, K. (2007). Cirriculum Construction (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Australia. Department of Education and Training. (2008). Department of Education and Training. Retrieved March 10, 2010, from P-12 Curriculum Framework: http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/index.html Marsh, C. (2003). Key Concepts for understanding cirriculum. New York: RoutledgeFalner. Nicholls, A.. Nicholls, H.. (1978). Developing a cirriculum. London: Biling Sons Ltd. Queensland Studies Authority. (2010). Queensland Studies Authority. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www.qsa.qld.edu.au/

Why Is Religion Important :: essays research papers

Why is Religion Important? Religion is the one element of life that has connected the races and societies of the world for hundreds of years. It has given meaning to lives that may seem otherwise hopeless. Religion has provided for a universal language and culture among those who believe in a higher power. The spirit or being receiving the worship and praise may not be the same, but the practices are usually similar and serve the same purpose--to give direction, insight, courage, and a divine connection. In today's world, there are many different ways to get involved in religion; various methods have attracted groups of all ages and races. One popular association is FCA or Fellowship of Christian Athletes. This particular group has helped me to find Christ in my own life. There are a lot of unconventional activities to help the younger generations get involved. Some of these activities included Death Week, which focused on death and pain, meetings about family and divorce, lectures to help people reach for their goals, and encouragement speakers. There is a great deal of fun incorporated into all the seriousness, though. We went on ski trips, did missionary work, and put on skits. All of these activities involved Christ in some way, and helped the younger generation to realize that being spiritual was not 'uncool.'; When I attended the FCA meetings, it was the one time that I actually felt free from all my problems. FCA helped me to find my spiritual self and gave me a sense of compl etion. Religion is the main source of morals and values today. I feel like many people today are not following the word of God. I think that religion is overlooked, and not taught enough. For example, colleges, high schools, and many other places are not even allowed to pray, teach or preach the word of the bible. I feel like that is a problem in the United States today. It has had the effect of more violence, problems in families, and the non- education of the younger generation. I feel that though religion is choice, it should be introduced, because many don't even get the opportunity to learn about it.

Power Of The Few Over The Many :: essays research papers

The Eleventh Commandment portrayed the state church as being the supreme dictator. It is through the eleventh commandment that the church held it's power and control over the masses. Without the church and it's leaders to guide the masses, their society would have collapsed. However, compared to Brave New World, the whole society is conditioned to "work for everyone else"(Huxley 67) by the abuse and daily consumption of soma. Without the drug called soma, their society would have also collapsed due to withdrawal symptoms. The underlying reality between the two societies is that the masses are manipulated, controlled, and brainwashed, without resistance, to obey and follow their leaders through various methods of enforcement. The Brave New World is controlled by a select few who call themselves Resident Controllers and Directors. These elite few are able to control the production and selection process of societies masses. Mustapha Mond, Resident Controller for Western Europe, and the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning, oversee the conditioning of embryos. Their powers and control over these particular jurisdictions gave them great power, and with that the ability to manipulate others. "'You ass'... said the Director,... 'Hasn't it occurred to you that an Epsilon embryo must have an Epsilon environment as well as an Epsilon heredity'"(Huxley 23). Through a hierarchy of Alaphas and Betas down to the lower cast Epsilon, everyone was suited for their job. The Director however, through his position of authority, was able to "... condition the masses to hate the country,"(Huxley 30). In doing so, the Director succeeds in creating an obedient society, which obeys and bows to every whim of his commands. The Resident Controller and Director were two authoritative figures that were able to control whomever and whatever each person worked at, even before they were conceived. Each cast had pre-conceived morals preached to them through conditioning, and to this end effectively brainwashed to the point of utter obedience. The outcome of this brainwashing by conditioning sets forth a society that exists in two tiers, the guardians and the domesticated animals. [who? why?->BNW] [who? why?->11th C] The church and it's head archbishops are able to control and manipulate the masses in North America by preaching the eleventh commandment through strict laws and enforcement practices. The eleventh commandment ordained that every man and women must be fruitful and multiply. Because of this commandment and of the militant ruling religionist enforcement, North America alone had four billion people, and yet the church continued to preach the eleventh commandment and it's practices. The competition between continents was the driving force behind the eleventh commandment. If it was not the competitiveness between ruling church states,

Korean Economic Crisis Essay -- Korea Asia Economy Papers

Korean Economic Crisis problems with format The Korean economy did an important role in the remarkable economic growth, which was so called  ¡Ã‚ °East Asia ¡Ã‚ ¯s miracle ¡Ã‚ ±. At the end of 1997, however, the Korean economy fell into a crisis of default and finally received IMF ¡Ã‚ ¯s relief aid. After that, Korea has been struggling not only to reform its monetary system but also to promote drastic reforms in its economic structure in order to improve the productivity of the Korean industry. Given this context, understanding what truly caused the Korean economic crisis is very important. Without identifying and remedying the fundamental problems, nobody can be sure that Korea will not have the similar kind of economic crisis never again. So, we need to identify what caused the crisis in 1997 and what the Korean government has to do. Therefore, this paper will examine the root cause of Korea's economic crisis in 1997 and present solutions for the stable growth of the Korean economy in the future. 2. Causes of the Korean economic crisis On November 21, 1997, the Korean government formally asked the International Monetary Fund for stand-by loans. With this request, the Korean government admitted its inability to meet international debt payments with its own means. The followings are three popular views about the cause of the Korean economic crisis in 1997(Cho, 1999): First, the currency crisis in Southeast Asian countries mainly Thailand and Indonesia in the summer of 1997 made Korea vulnerable to the attacks of currency speculators. So, the currency speculators turned their attention to Korea after having devoured the Southeast Asian countries. Second, the root cause of the... ...1998. Press Release IV.  ¡Ã‚ °Economic Crisis and Restructuring in Korea, ¡Ã‚ ± International Conference, Dec.3, 1999, Seoul, Korea .(http://www.idep.org/conference12/default_eng.htm) Underwood, Peter(1998), Korea ¡Ã‚ ¯s Current Economic Crisis, Industrial Research & Consulting, Affiliate of Fry Consultants Atlanta, (http://www.fryconsultants.com/new.html) Yang , Woo Jin(2002),  ¡Ã‚ °Roots of the Economic Crisis in Post-Democratization Korea ¡Ã‚ ±. By Eileen Sir, UCLA International Institute, (http://www.isop.ucla.edu/research.asp) http://www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http://www.res.org.uk/media/annconf99/demet.htm http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/Books/koreareform.html http://www.hankooki.com/kt_op/200011/t20001129171159481174.htm http://www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/index-g.html

How Children Utilize Their Mathematical Mind as Part of Their Natural Progression Essay

â€Å"Dr Maria Montessori took this idea that the human has a mathematical mind from a French philosopher Pascal and developed a revolutionary math learning material for children as young as 3 years old. Her mathematical materials allow the children to begin their mathematical journey from a concrete concept to abstract idea†. With reference to the above statement please discuss how these children utilize their mathematical mind as part of their natural progression, to reason, to calculate and estimate with these Montessori mathematical materials in conjunction with their aims and presentations? What is a mathematical mind? The Mathematical Mind’ refers to the unique tendencies of the human mind. The French philosopher Blaise Pascal said that ‘every human being is born with a mathematical mind’. Dr. Montessori borrowing this concept, further explained that the mathematical mind is the â€Å"sort of mind which is built up with ‘exactitude’†. â€Å"In our work therefore, we have given a name to this part of the mind which is built up with exactitude, and we call it the ‘mathematical mind’. I take the term from Pascal, the French Philosopher, Physicist and Mathematician, who said that the man’s mind was mathematical by nature, and that knowledge and progress came from accurate observation.† – Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, Chapter 17, Pg. 169 She said the qualities of a mathematical mind was such that always tends to estimate; needs to quantify, to see identity, similarity, difference, and patterns to make order and sequence. The concepts within the mathematical mind do not simply refer to common associations with math, such as basic operations. Instead, Montessori believed that the human tendencies lead one to be mathematical in thought. That is, basic human tendencies such as order, orientation, exactness, repetition, activity, and manipulation of objects, all lead to the development of a mathematical process of thought. â€Å"The child perceives, without conscious reasoning, patterns of relationships: things to things, things to people, pe ople to people†¦ The mathematical mind [therefore] is a power to organize, classify and quantify within the context of our life experience† Mathematics is not only about additions or subtractions a child learns at the school, it is all around the child from the day he is born (or may be well before that). It is a well known fact that an embryo can hear its mother. So the mother says â€Å"the baby kicked me twelve times today† or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"my delivery is within another two weeks† when he was in her stomach. And then after he was born he may hear ‘you were born on the second’ or ‘at eight you go to the bed’ or ‘one button is missing in your pajama shirt’ or in the society he may be questioned ‘how many sisters or brothers do you have?’ etc., A child’s day to day life is all connected with mathematics and all the basic conversations he has is very much involved with mathematics. In that case the child is born to a world that is full of math, created by human for their benefits and the child needs to adapt to it. Children need math to sort, categorize and group things within his environment. They need to count, they need to learn the time and then gradually they need to work with arithmetic’s, geometry and algebra in the school when they grow up. â€Å"We must convey to the child the belief that we have made mathematics ourselves, and that we re-make it every time we move, think, work or play. We should help the child understand that it is simply part of our being human to have a mathematical mind†. – Gettman D, BASIC MONTESSORI, Chapter 1, Page 159. Teaching mathematics to a young Montessori child is not a difficult task as he is very much exposed to numbers during his day to day life. By the time they enter into the Montessori school most of them are able to count one to ten (we call this â€Å"rote counting†, they just count without knowing the real meaning of the counting). Even in the prepared environment, though the child does not directly work with the mater ials within the math shelf as he enters, he however indirectly learns math concepts such as repetition, calculation, exactness, fraction, estimation and classification and most importantly order through the practical life activities. A significant discovery that Dr. Montessori made was the importance of offering indirect preparation for the math materials while children were in the sensitive periods for movement and the refinement of the senses. It is through children’s work with the Exercises of Practical Life and Sensorial materials that they first encounter and experience the concepts of measurement, sequence, exactness, and calculation Sensorial education is the basis of mathematics. Dr. Montessori said that children are sensorial learners. They learn and experience the world through their five senses. So sensorial education helps the child to create a mental order of the concepts he grasps using his five senses. â€Å"The skill of man’s hand is bound up with the development of his mind, and in the light of history we  see it connected with the development of civilization.† – Maria Montessori, THE ABSORBENT MIND, Chap 14. pg. 138 Montessori firmly believed that the ‘handsâ €™ are the mother of skills. By providing Montessori sensorial materials to the child she was convinced that correct manipulation with quality and quantity would certainly create a lasting impression in the child’s mind with the understanding of mathematics. We place materials quite intentionally on trays, we color code activities, materials are displayed in a logical sequence, and we break down movements during presentations into series of sequential steps. The sensorial materials simply present three mathematics concepts of completeness, geometry and early algebra. Dr. Montessori was convinced that there are two things to be introduced before working with mathematics. â€Å"Before beginning mathematics work, the child must therefore do two things: explore and accept the notion of idealized things with isolated qualities, and gain practice in the requisite intellectual.† – MMI Mathematics Course Manual pg. 6 The child’s intellectual skills are developed through both practical life and sensorial activities. In practical life activities, children practice calculation skills when determining how much water to pour when carrying out exercises like pouring water from jug to bottle with an indicator line, or spooning beans from bowl to bowl with an indicator line, or from jug to jug; up to the more complex activities of sweeping which have the qualities of repetition, calculation and exactness. The Sensorial work is a preparation for the study of sequence and progression. It helps the child build up spatial representations of quantities and to form images of their magnitudes such as with the Pink Tower, knobbed cylinder etc. These sensorial materials also provides the child with the skills of calculation with the pink tower and red rods; as the child judges the size and length of the cubes and rods respectively, as well as repetition with baric tablets etc., All of the materials in the Montessori classroom have been specifically designed to attract the interest of the student, while at the same time teaching an important concept. The purpose of each material is to isolate a certain concept the child is bound to discover. The Montessori maths program is divided into parts to facilitate a sequential and gradual progress in the maths concepts starting from simple to complex. During circle time, informal  activities or games are introduced to initiate complex maths concepts like seriation, one-to-one correspondence, sorting and more in the simplest way. Without counting or even uttering a number name, the child is actually introduced to maths through preliminary maths activities. Dr. Montessori also said, ‘what the hand does the mind remembers’. The very first math material to be presented to the child is the number rods. Number rods are very concrete and help the child to feel and understand meaningful counting. It is also not very new to the child as he has already worked with the red rods before. The only difference is number rods are colour coded with red and blue, which helps the child to visually discriminate the difference in length and then to count the rod. The teacher presents the material by a three period lesson, and by repeating the same activity again and again, the child understands that two means two things and three means t hree things and so on and so forth. The aim of the number rod is to help the child Learn the names of numbers 1-10 and visually associate the numbers with the quantity as well as to show that each number is represented by a single object, as a whole, separate from others. The number rods help the child memorize the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10. When the child counts one rod as a single unit, he immediately notices an increment in the number rod â€Å"2† even though it is still a single unit thereby helping him to associate the numbers to the quantity. â€Å"Rarely, however, can he count with certainty the fingers of one hand, and when he does succeed, in doing this, there is always the difficulty of knowing why,†¦The extreme exactness and correctness of a child’s mind need clear and precise help. When numerical rods are given to children, we see them even the smallest take a lively interest in counting.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, Chapter 18, pg. 265 . â€Å"The satisfaction of discovery leads to an enthusiastic interest in numbers when the child is able to demonstrate the fundamental mathematical operations, rather than simply being told seemingly dull and meaningless facts. He physically holds the quantities that he sees represented by written symbols. He combines the materials, counts, separates and compares them while visually grasping and reinforcing the ideas in a way that is concrete, rather than abstract.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Teaching Montessori at Home. Now the child is working with the concrete materials to understand the quantities of numerals one to ten and then he knows the written symbols too. The next step is to teach him how to combine the quantities with the written symbols. This is done through a set of fun games. The Teacher invites the child to bring the number cards and the rods to the mat and then gets the child to identify the concrete value (the rod) first and then find and match the number card with the rod. Next the teacher requests the child to identify the number cards randomly and match them with the rods. This activity helps the teacher to observe how thoroughly the child is familiar with the numbers. The next two games help the child to understand the sequence of numbers. When the numbers and the rods are randomly scattered on the mat, the teacher requests the child to identify the number rods in sequence and then match the numbers with it and build the stair then in the next activity the child identifies the number cards in sequence and then matches with the respective rods and builds the stair. The aims of these exercises is to establish the child in the recognition of numerical symbols 1-10., as well as help him learn association of quantity to symbol and also help the child understand quantity and sequence of numbers using manipulatives. Once the child is very clear with numerals one to ten, the next step is to teach the decimal system. Decimals are introduced to the child with the concrete manipulation using the golden beads. Through a three period lesson, the child is introduced to one, ten, hundred and thousand. The child feels and sees what one means by a small unit and then sees that ten is a long bar and then hundred is a flat square of ten ten-bars bound together and finally the thousand is a cube made up of ten 100 squares. The child can visually discriminate the difference in the sizes of different value and then feels it too. ‘Counting through’ helps them to further internalize the concept of decimal system. The teacher counts up to nine units and t hen says ‘if we have one more unit we will have a ten bar’. So this helps the child to understand that to make ten we need ten units. Then to make hundred we need ten ten-bars and then finally the thousand cube is made out of ten hundred-squares. The great deal begins with the decimal system operations. Here the child is introduced to additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions. The child learns the exact abstract way of additions or subtractions using the golden beads and large and small number banks. All these activities are teacher directed and working with these activities, helps the child understand that addition means combining two  amounts together and then have a big amount at last; that subtractions means giving some amount away from what he had and then what remains is a small amount; that multiplication means having the same amount in to different numbers of times and gets a large amount as the answer; and finally, that divisions are giving the amount away equally or unequally among two or three people. These operations are very concrete to the child since he sees and manipulates the materia l. After manipulating with the concrete materials, the child moves to the abstract counting. Using the large number cards, the teacher introduces the written symbols of power of ten (the decimal system). Then moves to the ‘counting through’ with the written symbols. Once the child is through with quantities and the written symbols the teacher shows the child to link concrete with abstract making the ‘Bird’s eye view’. Through the bird’s eye view the child can clearly see the process of the quantity increases with the written symbols. It gives the child the sensorial impression that when the symbol increases from one to ten, ten to hundred and hundred to thousand value of the quantity also goes higher. The aim of introducing the decimal system, is to help the child understand the concept of ten, learn the composition of numbers as well as the place value system and their equivalencies. After the decimal system operations, the child progresses to informal recording. By this time, the child knows the numbers very well and he is familiar w orking with sums too. The informal recording introduces the child to small number rods. In the first presentation, he is concretely introduced to composition keeping ten as a guide and showing him how to make ten using rods up to six. Decomposition is also equally concrete, first he makes ten and then takes one away the child sees he is left with nine. During this presentation, the symbols of plus, minus and equal to, are also introduced and in the second presentation he is introduced to recording. The teen board is introduced to the child when he is through with the decimal system. It is also called ‘linear counting’. The short bead stairs varying in colour and quantity (one is red, two is green, three is pink, four is yellow, five is light blue, six is purple, seven is white, eight is brown and nine is deep blue) The coloured bead bars show clearly the separate entities from 1 to 9 and the ten-bars are the main concrete materials involved with the linear counting. First of all, the child learns to build the short bead stair and then combines the short bead  stairs with ten bars to teach the names of quantities eleven to nineteen. When the child understands the names of values, the written symbols are introduced through the ‘sequin board A’. Similarly the names of quantities from ten to ninety are also introduced and then the ‘sequin board B’ is used to teach the abstract concept of written symbols. The hundred and thousand bead chains reinforce the child’s counting from one to a thousand and also helps the teacher to evaluate child’s standards with understanding counting. The coloured bead bars show clearly the separate entities from 1 to 9, in combination with the tens they show the child that numbers 11 to 19 are made of ten and a number 1 to 9 The purpose of introducing the child to the linear counting exercises is to develop the child’s ability to recognize and count to any number. As well as learn skip counting. The child’s own sound knowledge of the numbers 1 to 10 and their numerical order acts as a guide â€Å"This system in which a child is constantly moving objects with his hands and actively exercising his senses, also takes into account a child’s special aptitude for mathematics. When they leave the material, the children very easily reach the point where they wish to write out the operation. They thus carry out an abstract mental operation and acquire a kind of natural and spontaneous inclination for mental calculations.† – Montessori M., The Discovery Of The Child, Chapter 19, pg. 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, Montessori Pierson Publishing Company, the Netherlands, Reprinted 2007 Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, Montessori Pierson Publishing Company, the Netherlands, Reprinted 2007 Modern Montessori Institute, DMT 107 Mathematics Students’ Manual David Gettman, Basic Montessori, Saint Martin’s Press, 1987 Elizabeth Hainstock, Teaching Montessori in the Home, Random House Publishing Group, 2013